Superconductivity & Particle AcceleratorS 2026

Lead-free ceramic materials play a significant role in modern electronics. Consequently, the development of lead-free ceramic materials has attracted considerable attention due to increasingly restrictive environmental regulations and European Union directives regarding the use of hazardous substances in electronic devices [1, 2].
Among the promising lead-free ferroelectric compounds investigated in recent years is potassium bismuth titanate - K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (KBT). A major limitation of KBT ceramics was their relatively low sintered density, typically around 80% of the theoretical density. Recent technological advances have enabled KBT ceramics to achieve densities as high as 98% of the theoretical value [3–5]. Results of dielectric studies on KBT materials obtained under various processing conditions will be presented. It has been demonstrated that the desired dielectric properties of KBT can be readily modified by varying the milling time and sintering parameters. The study revealed a significant increase (nearly twofold) in the permittivity (ε) of samples milled for 24 hours compared to those milled for shorter periods (8 and 16 hours) and sintered under identical conditions [6]. The enhanced permittivity obtained for the 24 h milled samples confirms the importance of processing optimization in the development of advanced lead-free ceramic materials. Furthermore, K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 exhibit higher permittivity than commercial PbTiO3 and Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics [6]. These findings indicate that processing conditions strongly influence the dielectric response of KBT and open new possibilities for further material optimization.